Topic 1: TYPES OF EXCRETION
Q 1: The elimination of metabolic wastes like ammonia, urea, uric acid etc. from the tissues is called
✅ Excretion
Q 2: Process of excretion of NH3 is called
✅ Ammonotelism
Q 3: Aquatic invertebrates, aquatic insects, bony fishes, aquatic amphibians etc. are ………………. animals.
✅ Ammonotelic
Q 4: Among the nitrogenous waste, ………………. is highly toxic and excretion needs excess of water.
✅ Ammonia
Q 5: Process of excretion of urea is called
✅ Ureotelism
Q 6: Cartilaginous fishes, terrestrial amphibians, aquatic reptiles, mammals etc. ………………. animals.
✅ Ureotelic
Q 7: In liver, NH3 is converted into less toxic ………………. So, it needs only moderate quantity of water for excretion.
✅ Urea
Q 8: Uricotelism is the process of excretion of
✅ Uric acid
Q 9: Among the nitrogenous waste, ………………. is least toxic and water is not needed for excretion.
✅ Uric acid
Q 10: Land snails & insects, terrestrial reptiles & birds are ………………. animals.
✅ Uricotelic
Q 11: Ureotelism & ………………. help for water conservation.
✅ Uricotelism
Q 12: The excretory structure in Flatworms, rotifers, some annelids and cephalochordate (Amphioxus) is
✅ Protonephridia (flame cells)
Q 13: The excretory organ of Annelids is
✅ Nephridia
Q 14: The excretory organ of insects is
✅ Malpighian tubules
Q 15: In Crustaceans such as prawn ………………. acts as excretory organ.
✅ Antennal or green glands
Topic 2: HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Q 16: Kidneys are reddish brown, bean-shaped structures situated between the levels of ……………….
✅ Last Thoracic & 3rd lumbar vertebra
Q 17: Average weight of human kidney is
✅ 120-170 gm
Q 18: Kidney is enclosed in a tough, 3-layered fibrous ……………….
✅ Renal capsule
Q 19: On the concave side of kidney, there is an opening called ………………. through which blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic ducts and ureter enter the kidney.
✅ Hilum or hilus
Q 20: Hilum leads to funnel shaped cavity called
✅ Renal pelvis
Q 21: The projections of renal pelvis are called
✅ Calyces
Q 22: Renal medulla has few conical projections called ………………. projecting into the calyces.
✅ Medullary pyramids (renal pyramids)
Q 23: Renal cortex extends in between the medullary pyramids as
✅ Renal columns (Columns of Bertini)
Q 24: Each kidney has nearly one million tubular
✅ Nephrons
Q 25: ………………. are the structural & functional units of kidney.
✅ Nephrons
Q 26: Each nephron has 2 parts such as Glomerulus and ……………….
✅ Renal tubule
Q 27: A tuft of capillaries formed by afferent arteriole (a fine branch of renal artery) is called
✅ Glomerulus
Q 28: Blood from glomerulus is carried away by
✅ Efferent arteriole
Q 29: Renal tubule begins with a double walled cup-like ………………., which encloses the glomerulus.
✅ Bowman’s capsule
Q 30: Glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule together constitute
✅ Malpighian body (renal corpuscle)
Q 31: ………………. is a hairpin-shaped part of nephron with descending and ascending limbs.
✅ Henle’s loop
Q 32: The DCTs of many nephrons open into a
✅ Collecting duct
Q 33: Collecting duct extends from cortex to inner parts of medulla and converge and open into the ………………. through medullary pyramids in the calyces.
✅ Renal pelvis
Q 34: In kidney, Malpighian corpuscle, PCT and DCT are situated in
✅ Renal cortex
Q 35: The efferent arteriole forms a fine capillary network called ………………. around the renal tubule.
✅ Peritubular capillaries
Q 36: A minute vessel of Peritubular capillaries runs parallel to Henle’s loop forming a ‘U’ shaped ……………….
✅ Vasa recta
Q 37: 85% of the nephrons are ……………….
✅ Cortical nephrons
Q 38: In ………………., the Henle’s loop is short and extends only very little into the medulla and vasa recta is absent or highly reduced.
✅ Cortical nephrons
Q 39: 15% of the nephrons are ………………. in which Henle’s loop is long and runs deep into medulla and vasa recta present.
✅ Juxtamedullary nephrons
Topic 3: URINE FORMATION (PHYSIOLOGY OF KIDNEY)
Q 40: The glomerular capillary blood pressure causes filtration of blood through 3 layers such as Endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, a basement membrane and ……………….
✅ Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
Q 41: Name the epithelial cells of the Bowman’s capsule that are arranged in an intricate manner leaving some minute spaces called filtration slits (slit pores).
✅ Podocytes
Q 42: About ………………. ml of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute which constitutes 1/5th of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart in a minute.
✅ 1100-1200
Q 43: The amount of glomerular filtrate formed per minute is called
✅ Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Q 44: Normal GFR is about ………………. per minute.
✅ 125 ml
Q 45: ………………. litres of glomerular filtrate is produced daily, but about 99% of this is reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
✅ 180
Q 46: Normal volume of urine released is
✅ 1.5 litres
Q 47: ………………. reabsorbs most of the nutrients, and 70-80% of electrolytes & water.
✅ PCT
Q 48: In PCT, reabsorption is higher because its surface area is increased due to the presence of ……………….
✅ Simple cuboidal brush border epithelium
Q 49: Which part of the nephron maintains high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid?
✅ Loop of Henle
Q 50: ………………. is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes. This concentrates the filtrate.
✅ Descending limb of loop of Henle
Q 51: Which part of nephron allows passage of small amounts of urea into medullary interstitium to keep up the osmolarity?
✅ Collecting duct
Q 52: Cells of PCT & DCT maintain ionic balance and acid-base balance (pH) of body fluids by selective secretion of H+, K+ & NH3 into the filtrate and absorption of HCO3- from it. This process is called
✅ Tubular secretion
Q 53: Henle’s loop and ………………. help to concentrate the urine.
✅ Vasa recta
Q 54: The flow of filtrate in the 2 limbs of Henle’s loop and the flow of blood through the 2 limbs of vasa recta are in opposite directions. This is called
✅ Counter current mechanism
Q 55: Due to the counter current and proximity between Henle’s loop & vasa recta, osmolarity increases from cortex to the inner medullary interstitium. This gradient is caused by two solutes called ……………….
✅ NaCl & urea
Q 56: DCT & collecting duct produce urine ………………. times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed.
✅ Four
Q 57: The motor messages cause the contraction of smooth muscles of the bladder and simultaneous relaxation of the ……………….
✅ Urethral sphincter
Q 58: Release of urine is called ……………….
✅ Micturition
Q 59: The neural mechanism causing micturition is called
✅ Micturition reflex
Q 60: An adult human excretes 1 to 1.5 litres of urine per day which contains ………………. urea.
✅ 25-30 gm
Q 61: pH of urine is ……………….
✅ 6.0
Q 62: Presence of glucose in urine is called
✅ Glycosuria
Q 63: Presence of ketone bodies in urine is called
✅ Ketonuria
Q 64: Glycosuria and Ketonuria in urine indicate ……………….
✅ Diabetes mellitus
Topic 4: REGULATION OF THE KIDNEY FUNCTION
Q 65: When body fluid level decreases, the osmoreceptors stimulate hypothalamus to release ………………. from neurohypophysis.
✅ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Q 66: ADH stimulates water reabsorption from ………………. and collecting duct.
✅ DCT
Q 67: Name the hormone that prevents diuresis and increases body fluid volume.
✅ ADH
Q 68: Name the hormone that constricts blood vessels resulting in an increase of BP and thereby increasing the glomerular blood flow and GFR.
✅ ADH
Q 69: Name the sensitive region formed by cellular modification of DCT and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact.
✅ JGA (Juxta glomerular apparatus)
Q 70: A fall in glomerular blood flow/glomerular blood pressure/GFR activates the JG cells to release
✅ Renin
Q 71: Name the enzyme that converts angiotensinogen in blood to angiotensin I and further to angiotensin II.
✅ Renin
Q 72: A vasoconstrictor called ………………. increases glomerular blood pressure and thereby GFR.
✅ Angiotensin II
Q 73: Angiotensin II activates adrenal cortex to release ……………….
✅ Aldosterone
Q 74: ………………. causes reabsorption of Na+ and water from the distal parts of the tubule.
✅ Aldosterone
Q 75: ………………. check on the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
✅ Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)
Q 76: An increase in blood flow to the atria of the heart causes the release of
✅ Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)
Q 77: ………………. causes vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) to decrease the blood pressure.
✅ Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)
Topic 5: DISORDERS OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Q 78: Accumulation of urea in blood due to malfunction of kidney is called
✅ Uremia
Q 79: Formation of stone or insoluble mass of crystallized salts (oxalates, etc.) within the kidney is called
✅ Renal calculi
Q 80: Inflammation of glomeruli is called
✅ Glomerulonephritis
Q 81: The process of removal of urea in patients with uremia is called
✅ Hemodialysis
Q 82: The dialyzing unit (artificial kidney) contains a coiled cellophane tube surrounded by ……………….
✅ Dialyzing fluid
Q 83: Blood drained from a convenient artery is pumped into dialyzing unit after adding anticoagulant like ……………….
✅ Heparin
Q 84: During dialysis, the purified blood is pumped back to the body through a vein after adding ………………. to it.
✅ Anti-heparin
Q 85: The ultimate method in the correction of acute renal failures is
✅ Kidney transplantation