This includes questions from Class 11 Biology chapters.
Q 1: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
(4) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
✅ (1) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
▶️ Mangifera indica Linn. is the botanical name of mango. This species was first described by Linnaeus.
▶️ A group of organisms occupying a particular category is called a taxon (pl. taxa). E.g. Class Mammalia.
▶️ The genera Solanum, Petunia, and Datura belong to the family Solanaceae.
▶️ Triticum aestivum is the botanical name of wheat.
Q 2: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Based on morphology of mycelium, mode of spore formation & fruiting bodies, Fungi are classified into following classes:
▶️ 1. Phycomycetes: E.g., Mucor, Rhizopus (bread mould) and Albugo (parasitic fungi on mustard).
▶️ 2. Ascomycetes: E.g. Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora.
▶️ 3. Basidiomycetes: E.g. Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia (rust fungus).
▶️ 4. Deuteromycetes: E.g. Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma.
Q 3: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
(2) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(3) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
(4) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
✅ (4) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
▶️ The pteridophytes have 4 classes:
▶️ 1. Psilopsida: E.g. Psilotum.
▶️ 2. Lycopsida: E.g. Selaginella, Lycopodium.
▶️ 3. Sphenopsida: E.g. Equisetum.
▶️ 4. Pteropsida: E.g. Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum.
Q 4: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
✅ (3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
▶️ Phylum Hemichordata: Body is formed of proboscis, collar & trunk. Collar bears stomochord. Excretion by Proboscis gland.
▶️ Urochordata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata are 3 subphyla of phylum Chordata.
▶️ 1. Urochordata: Notochord present only in larval tail.
▶️ 2. Cephalochordata: Notochord from head to tail region and is persistent throughout life.
▶️ 3. Vertebrata: Notochord during embryonic period. It is replaced by cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult.
Q 5: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
Superclass Tetrapoda includes 4 classes:
▶️ 1. Class Amphibia: Live in aquatic & terrestrial habitats. Need water for breeding. Moist skin without scales. Cloaca.
▶️ 2. Class Reptilia: Dry & cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes. Crawling locomotion.
▶️ 3. Class Aves (Birds): Feathers, beak & wings. Dry skin without glands except oil gland at tail base. Hind limbs have scales. Pneumatic bones. Digestive tract has crop & gizzard.
▶️ 4. Class Mammalia: Mammary glands. Skin with hair. Teeth different types. Viviparous.
Q 6: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
Placentation refers to the ovule arrangement within the ovary. Types include:
▶️ 1. Marginal: Ovules form two rows on a ridge along the ovary’s ventral suture (e.g., pea).
▶️ 2. Axile: Ovules attach to an axial placenta in a multilocular ovary (e.g., China rose, tomato, lemon).
▶️ 3. Parietal: Ovules develop on the ovary’s inner wall or peripheral part, and the one-chambered ovary becomes two-chambered due to a false septum (e.g., mustard, Argemone).
▶️ 4. Basal: A single ovule attaches to the placenta at the ovary’s base (e.g., sunflower, marigold).
▶️ 5. Free central: Ovules are borne on a central axis with absent septa (e.g., Dianthus, Primrose).
Q 7: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
Vascular bundles of Dicot and Monocot plants
▶️ Dicot root: 2-4 xylem & phloem patches. A cambium ring develops between xylem & phloem.
▶️ Monocot root: Usually more than six (polyarch) xylem bundles.
▶️ Dicot stem: Many vascular bundles large. Conjoint & open. Their ring arrangement is a characteristic of dicot stem. Protoxylem is endarch.
▶️ Monocot stem: Vascular bundles: Many & Scattered. Conjoint & closed.
Q 8: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(4) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
✅ (2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
▶️ During summer and winter, frogs undergo aestivation (summer sleep) and hibernation (winter sleep) respectively to protect them from extreme heat and cold.
▶️ In frog, the ventricle opens into a saclike conus arteriosus on the ventral side of the heart.
▶️ Partially digested food (chyme) is passed from stomach to the duodenum.
▶️ Frogs have Hepatic portal system (venous connection between liver & intestine) and renal portal system (between kidney & lower parts of the body).
Q 9: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
▶️ Chromatophores are pigment-containing membranous infoldings in some prokaryotes (e.g. cyanobacteria).
▶️ Ribosomes are the site of translation (protein synthesis). Several ribosomes may attach to a single mRNA to form a chain called polyribosomes (polysome).
▶️ Inclusion Bodies are non-membranous, stored reserve material seen in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. E.g. phosphate granules, cyanophycean granules, glycogen granules, gas vacuoles etc.
▶️ Cell Envelope of a prokaryotic cell is made of 3 layers: Outer Glycocalyx (may be a slime layer or capsule), middle cell wall and inner plasma membrane.
Q 10: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
(3) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (3) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
▶️ Phospholipids are the lipids that have phosphorous and a phosphorylated organic compound. They are found in cell membranes. E.g. Lecithin.
▶️ Polysaccharides are polymers of sugars (monosaccharides). E.g. starch, cellulose and glycogen are homopolymers of glucose. Inulin is a homopolymer of fructose.
▶️ Chitin is the homopolymer of N-acetyl glucosamine.
▶️ Adenine and Guanine are substituted purines while uracil, cytosine, and thymine are substituted pyrimidines.
Q 11: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
Karyokinesis in mitosis involves the following stages:
▶️ Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible. The nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate.
▶️ Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell, also known as the metaphase plate.
▶️ Anaphase: Chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles.
▶️ Telophase: Two nuclei form as nuclear envelopes reform around each group of chromosomes.
Q 12: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
✅ (2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Photo-phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP in chloroplasts in presence of light. 2 types:
▶️ 1. Non- cyclic: Here, ATP & NADPH + H+ are synthesised.
▶️ 2. Cyclic: Here, only ATP is synthesised (no NADPH + H+). CO2 assimilation during photosynthesis is 2 types:
▶️ C3 pathway (Calvin cycle): In this, first stable product of CO2 fixation is 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA).
▶️ C4 pathway: In this, first stable product is oxaloacetic acid (OAA).
Q 13: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
✅ (1) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
▶️ In plants, glucose is derived from sucrose (end product of photosynthesis) or from storage carbohydrates.
▶️ Sucrose is converted to glucose & fructose by an enzyme, invertase. These 2 monosaccharides readily enter glycolytic pathway.
▶️ Glucose & fructose are phosphorylated to form glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase enzyme.
▶️ Electrons from NADH are oxidised by an NADH dehydrogenase (complex I).
▶️ When the electrons pass from one carrier to another via complex I to IV, they are coupled to ATP synthase (complex V) for the ATP production.
Q 14: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
✅ (4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
▶️ F.W. Went isolated Auxin from tips of coleoptiles of oat seedlings.
▶️ Cytokinins were discovered as kinetin (N6-furfurylamino purine - an Adenine derivative) from the autoclaved herring sperm DNA.
▶️ Abscisic acid (ABA) is the derivatives of carotenoids. It regulates abscission and dormancy.
▶️ Ethylene promotes fruit ripening. It enhances respiration rate during fruit ripening. This is called respiratory climactic.
Q 15: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
✅ (3) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
▶️ During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts (flattens) causing an increase in vertical thoracic volume (antero-posterior axis).
▶️ Contraction of external intercostal muscles (muscles found between ribs) lifts up the ribs and sternum causing an increase in thoracic volume in the dorso-ventral axis.
▶️ During expiration, intercostal muscles & diaphragm relax causing a decrease in thoracic volume and thereby pulmonary volume. So, air moves out.
Q 16: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
✅ (1) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
Leucocytes (WBCs) are 2 types: Granulocytes & Agranulocytes.
A. Granulocytes: 3 types:
1. Neutrophils: 60-65%. They are phagocytes.
2. Eosinophils: 2-3%. Resist infections. Cause allergic reactions.
3. Basophils: 0.5-1%. Secrete histamine, serotonin, heparin etc. Cause inflammatory reactions.
B. Agranulocytes: 2 types:
1. Lymphocytes: 20-25%. Includes B- lymphocytes & T- lymphocytes. Cause immune responses.
2. Monocytes: 6-8%). They are phagocytes.
Q 17: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
✅ (2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
▶️ The epithelial cells (podocytes) of the Bowman’s capsule are arranged in an intricate manner leaving some minute spaces called filtration slits.
▶️ Henle’s loop & vasa recta help to concentrate the urine. The flow of filtrate in the 2 limbs of Henle’s loop and the flow of blood through the 2 limbs of vasa recta are in opposite directions. This is called Counter current mechanism.
▶️ Hypothalamus releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from neurohypophysis. It stimulates water reabsorption from DCT & collecting duct. Thus, ADH prevents diuresis and increases body fluid volume.
▶️ Atria of heart release Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF). It causes vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels).
Q 18: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
✅ (1) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
▶️ Each myofibril has alternate dark (Anisotropic or A-band) and light striations (Isotropic or I-band). I-bands contain actin. A-bands contain actin and myosin.
▶️ A-band bears a lighter middle region called H band formed of only myosin.
▶️ Each myosin filament is a polymer of many monomeric proteins called Meromyosins. A meromyosin has 2 parts such as Heavy meromyosin or HMM or cross arm (globular head + short arm) and Light meromyosin or LMM (tail).
▶️ The globular head is an active ATPase enzyme and has binding sites for ATP and active sites for actin.
Q 19: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
(4) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
✅ (3) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
▶️ Cerebrum has 2 cerebral hemispheres connected by a tract of nerve fibres called Corpus callosum.
▶️ Cerebral cortex consists of
1. Motor area: Controls voluntary movements of muscles.
2. Sensory area: Controls functioning of sense organs.
3. Association area: It is neither clearly sensory nor motor in function. Responsible for intersensory associations, memory and communication.
▶️ The inner parts of cerebral hemispheres and associated deep structures like amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus etc. together constitute Limbic system (Limbic lobe). It regulates sexual behavior, motivations, emotions.
▶️ Mid brain consists of 4 round lobes called Corpora quadrigemina.
Q 20: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(3) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
(4) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
✅ (2) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
Based on chemical nature, hormones are various types:
▶️ Peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones: Insulin, glucagon, pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones etc.
▶️ Steroids: Cortisol, testosterone, estradiol & progesterone.
▶️ Iodothyronines (thyroid hormones).
▶️ Amino-acid derivatives: Adrenaline, nor-adrenaline etc.