This includes questions from Class 12 Biology chapters.
Q 1: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
▶️ Pollen grain: It is the male gametophyte in plants, containing the sperm cells for fertilization.
▶️ Perisperm: A nutritive tissue in seeds, distinct from the endosperm, providing nourishment during germination.
▶️ PEC (Primary Endosperm Cell): The first cell formed during double fertilization, which later develops into endosperm.
▶️ Parthenocarpy: The development of fruit without fertilization, resulting in seedless fruits.
Q 2: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(2) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
▶️ Exine: The hard outer layer of a pollen grain that protects it during pollination. Made up of sporopollenin.
▶️ Cleistogamy: A type of self-pollination where flowers remain closed, preventing cross-pollination.
▶️ Emasculation: The removal of anthers from a flower to prevent self-pollination.
▶️ Apomixis: The production of seeds without fertilisation. E.g. Some species of Asteraceae and grasses.
Q 3: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
▶️ Sertoli cells: Present inside seminiferous tubules. They give nutrition to the germ cells.
▶️ Leydig cells: Present outside the seminiferous tubules (interstitial spaces). They secrete testicular hormones (androgens).
▶️ Granulosa cells: They surround a primary oocyte as a layer to form primary follicle.
▶️ Spermatid cells: Haploid cells that differentiate into sperms.
Q 4: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (3) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Parts of Female External genitalia (vulva):
▶️ Mons pubis: A cushion of fatty tissue covered by pubic hair.
▶️ Labia majora: Large, fleshy, fatty and hairy outer folds. Surrounds vaginal opening.
▶️ Labia minora:Small, thin and hairless inner folds.
▶️ Hymen: A membrane which partially covers the vaginal opening. It is often torn during the first coitus. It is not a reliable indicator of virginity or sexual experience.
▶️ Clitoris: A highly sensitive organ lying just in front of the urethral opening.
Q 5: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(2) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(3) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(4) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
✅ (1) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
▶️ Vasectomy: Sterilization procedure in males. In this, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
▶️ Coitus interruptus: Withdrawal of penis from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination.
▶️ Cervical caps: Made of rubber and are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus.
▶️ Saheli: New oral, non-steroidal ‘once a week’ contraceptive pill for the females. Developed by Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI, Lucknow).
Q 6: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
✅ (4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
▶️ Incomplete Dominance: An inheritance in which heterozygous offspring shows intermediate character b/w two parental characteristics.
▶️ Co-dominance: The inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a hybrid.
▶️ Polygenic inheritance: The inheritance in which some traits are controlled by several genes (multiple genes).
▶️ Pleiotropy: Here, a single gene exhibits multiple phenotypic expression.
Q 7: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(3) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (3) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
▶️ Thalassemia: An autosome-linked recessive blood disease. It results in reduced synthesis of α or β globin chains of haemoglobin.
▶️ Sickle-cell anaemia: An autosome-linked recessive blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin, causing sickle RBC, leading to chronic anemia.
▶️ Myotonic dystrophy: An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness.
▶️ Phenylketonuria: An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by inability to metabolize an amino acid phenylalanine, leading to its accumulation in the blood and causing intellectual disability.
Q 8: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
▶️ hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA): Precursor of mRNA which contains introns and exons.
▶️ mRNA (messenger RNA): Provide template for translation (protein synthesis).
▶️ rRNA (ribosomal RNA): Structural & catalytic role during translation.
▶️ tRNA (transfer RNA or sRNA or soluble RNA): Brings amino acids for protein synthesis and reads the genetic code.
Q 9: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (3) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
▶️ Erwin Chargaff’s rule: In DNA, the ratio of A to T and the ratio of G to C are equal.
▶️ Friedrich Miescher identified DNA as an acidic substance in nucleus and named it Nuclein.
▶️ Taylor & colleagues proved that the DNA in chromosomes replicate semi-conservatively. They performed experiments on Vicia faba (faba beans) using radioactive thymidine.
▶️ George Gamow suggested that for coding 20 amino acids, the code should be made up of 3 nucleotides. Thus, there are 64 codons.
Q 10: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
▶️ Untranslated regions (UTRs): These are additional sequences on mRNA that are not translated. UTRs are present at both 5’-end (before start codon) and 3’-end (after stop codon).
▶️ Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs): a methodology of HGP focused on identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA.
▶️ Polyploidy: A chromosomal anomaly caused due to failure in cell division after DNA replication.
▶️ β-galactosidase: It hydrolyses lactose to galactose and glucose.
Q 11: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (1) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
▶️ Theory of spontaneous generation (Abiogenesis): It states that life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud etc.
▶️ Biogenesis: It states that life originates from pre-existing life. But it does not explain origin of first life.
▶️ Theory of Panspermia (Cosmic theory): It states that the units of life (spores) were transferred to different planets including earth.
▶️ Theory of special creation (Creationism): It states that living things were created by some supernatural power.
Q 12: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
▶️ Lamarckism: Lamarck proposed that the long neck of the giraffe evolved as generations of giraffes stretched their necks longer and longer while trying to reach leaves high in the trees.
▶️ Alfred Wallace, along with Charles Darwin, proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
▶️ Hugo de Vries studied mutation in the evening primrose plant and proposed the mutation theory of evolution.
▶️ Louis Pasteur’s experiments supported the idea of biogenesis, that life comes from pre-existing life, disproving the theory of spontaneous generation.
Q 13: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(2) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(3) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(4) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
✅ (4) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
▶️ Ringworm: A fungal disease. Pathogens are Microsporum, Trichophyton & Epidermophyton .
▶️ Filariasis: A helminth disease. Pathogen is Filarial worms or Wuchereria ( W. bancrofti & W. malayi ).
▶️ Malaria: A protozoan disease. Pathogen is Plasmodium sp. ( P. vivax, P. malariae & P. falciparum ).
▶️ Pneumonia: A bacterial disease. Pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae & Haemophilus influenzae .
Q 14: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Innate (inborn) immunity includes 4 types of Barriers:
▶️ 1. Physical barriers: E.g. Skin, Mucus coating of the respiratory, gastro-intestinal and urino-genital tracts.
▶️ 2. Physiological barriers: E.g. gastric HCl, saliva, tear etc.
▶️ 3. Cellular barriers: Phagocytes like WBC [Polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL) like neutrophils, monocytes and natural killer lymphocytes], macrophages etc.
▶️ 4. Cytokine barriers: Virus infected cells secrete a cytokine protein called interferon. It protects non-infected cells from further viral infection.
Q 15: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
▶️ Streptokinase: Produced by Streptococcus . Used as a ‘clot buster’ to remove clots from the blood vessels of patients with myocardial infarction.
▶️ Baculoviruses (Especially genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus): Attack insects and other arthropods. It is desirable in IPM (Integrated Pest Management) program to conserve beneficial insects.
▶️ Statins: Produced by Monascus purpureus . Used as blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
▶️ Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) developed technology of biogas production in India.
Q 16: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
✅ (1) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA)
▶️ Treat bacterial cells/plant or animal tissue with enzymes like lysozyme (bacteria), cellulase (plants), chitinase (fungus) etc. The cell is broken releasing DNA and other macromolecules.
▶️ RNA is removed by treating with ribonuclease. Proteins are removed by treatment with protease.
▶️ When chilled ethanol is added, purified DNA precipitates out as a collection of fine threads in the suspension.
Q 17: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(3) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
✅ (4) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
▶️ Eli Lilly (an American company) used E. coli plasmids to produce human insulin chains A and B, forming Humulin.
▶️ Gene therapy for ADA deficiency involves introducing functional ADA cDNA into patient lymphocytes using retroviral vectors.
▶️ Rosie, the first transgenic cow, yielded human protein-enriched milk containing α-lactalbumin.
▶️ Bt toxins, controlled by Cry genes like cryIAc and cryIIAb, target specific insect groups such as cotton bollworms and corn borers.
Q 18: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
✅ (1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
▶️ Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit (+, +).
▶️ Commensalism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits (+) and the other is unaffected (0).
▶️ Amensalism: A relationship where one organism is harmed (-) while the other remains unaffected (0).
▶️ Parasitism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits (+) while the other harms (-).
Q 19: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(3) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (2) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
▶️ Standing crop: Amount of living material in a trophic level at a given time. It is measured as the biomass or the number in a unit area.
▶️ 10% law: Only about 10% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level.
▶️ Inverted pyramid of number: Here, the number of individuals in the producer trophic level is less than the number of individuals in the consumer trophic level.
▶️ Detritus Food Chain (DFC): Here, primary consumer feeds on dead organic matter (detritus).
Q 20: Match List I with List II. 
(1) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
✅ (3) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
▶️ According to Robert May’s Global estimate, about 7 million species would have on earth.
▶️ According to the study of Alexander von Humboldt in South American jungles, within a region, species richness increases with increasing explored area, but only up to a limit.
▶️ Rivet popper hypothesis is an analogy used to understand the importance of biodiversity. Here, the species in an ecosystem is compared to the rivets in an airplane.
▶️ According to David Tilman, plots with more species shows less year-to-year variation in total biomass.